Internship Argumentation Free Essays

Confidence Rivers Dr. Gul Celkan English 1101 October 22, 2012 Internship Argumentation Internships are openings that numerous understudies take before moving on from school. Regardless of whether paid or unpaid, they’re valuable to understudies, in any case. We will compose a custom article test on Entry level position Argumentation or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now They give experience that can’t be adapted somewhere else, and furthermore gives them an edge in contrast with understudies that don’t accept the open door. Obviously, temporary positions can have their ruins where they may not be paid attention to as a ‘real world’ work however the professionals that entry level positions offer exceed the cons. As I’m normally a cumbersome individual, I would feel substantially more substance realizing that when I go to the emergency clinic, gifted doctors are rewarding me. I wouldn’t have a sense of security in the event that I realized that the specialist rewarding me was straight out of school, and had no understanding added to his repertoire. I would scrutinize the consideration that I’m under. Temporary positions are another path for understudies to increase extremely valuable experience as opposed to gaining just from a course book. These understudies can work in the activity market, and put their aptitudes to utilize. In great planning obviously! They additionally get the opportunity to watch and gain from experienced work force. Another bit of leeway to temporary positions is the contacts that they make while there. They’re ready to stretch out under these offices, which give them a system of contacts to depend on. Having the note, ‘intern at ‘x’ company’ stands out like a green checkmark on their resume as organizations welcome this when taking a gander at an alumni continue. It promptly makes them increasingly serious in the activity showcase, and has more noteworthiness to an organization. Organizations realize that these alumni have had comparative work, and experience that they can effectively utilize in the company’s office too. Graduates are likewise commonly arranged for the work power. These prior understudies comprehend what they’re getting into when they’re going after these positions and they’re arranged. This is helpful for the associations that they’re applying to in light of the fact that the organizations can be guaranteed that they’ve had a type of preparing in the field previously. Certainty is critical! This is a mainstream saying and should be applied in this situation. Temporary jobs give a security net to graduates in different manners. The alumni can have confidence that they have a comprehension of what they’re doing, and how to apply that information in the activity showcase. It’s normal that most organizations enlist back their assistants, which is helpful to the two sides of the gathering. It’s advantageous to the organizations in light of the fact that the representatives have gotten the opportunity to meet the assistant and work close by them. Similarly, it’s great for the alumni in light of the fact that they’ve had the option to put their insight to utilize, and have had the chance to work in that regarded office and get a thought of what it’s like. Notwithstanding the entirety of the favorable circumstances that temporary positions offer, the drawback is that on the off chance that an understudy takes an unpaid entry level position, at that point the understudy won’t discover any inspiration towards it. In many occupations, individuals make a solid effort to maintain their employments in control to get the prize: their check. With an entry level position, understudies will simply take a gander at it as a volunteer movement and not completely value it or the information that it gives. The temporary job would simply be something else to confirm of the rundown. Likewise, assistants won’t get the standard preparing in that activity. Since organizations realize that the understudy is just interning for a select measure of time, organizations won’t train as altogether. Also, the understudies won’t get a similar work as that of a standard representative. The organizations will figure that since the understudies are still in school and just interning, at that point the understudies won’t handle the procedure of everything or won’t do it effectively. There are numerous assessments on the focal points and detriments of entry level positions, however taking a gander at the realities, it’s apparent that temporary jobs are very gainful to understudies. Organizations understand this also when taking a gander at graduates’ resumes, in light of the fact that these past understudies are attractive to organizations. Temporary jobs additionally show organizations that these graduates have possible working in their office. The past assistants recognize what they’re getting into and are educated and arranged. Contrasting a student’s resume and one that did an entry level position contrasted with that of one that didn’t, the organization would have more enthusiasm for the understudy that was an assistant previously. Entry level positions give understudies experience that can’t be gained from a reading material or somewhere else! Imprint, Ashley. â€Å"Internship Argumentation Essay. â€Å" Macon State College. Warner Robins, GA. 2012 Instructions to refer to Internship Argumentation, Papers

Reaction Paper on African Short Stories

Response Paper 3: South Africa is one on the most dubious nations on the planet. It is situated in the southern part, at the base of the mainland of Africa as its name demonstrates. The nation is known to shield a decent variety of dialects and societies. The nation experienced numerous brutal occasions contradicting the white minority commanding over every single other race. Luckily, a man named Nelson Mandela will change the course of history and effect Africa and the world in an incredible way.The job of this paper will be to think about the socio social and financial states of people in South Africa by building up the string they all appear to share for all intents and purpose, to expound on the setting that makes these conditions conceivable and at long last, we will attempt to recommend a few answers for these issues. In our investigation of the South Africans people, we will utilize three significant stories identified with South Africa. These accounts can be found in the book African Short Stories, altered by Chinua Achebe. Chinua Achebe is viewed as one of the most persuasive authors in African writing and everywhere throughout the world.His set of three of books about Nigeria and Africa are perused everywhere throughout the world and interpreted in numerous dialects. He set up various stories identified with Africa in a little book. These accounts generally are discussing issues throughout everyday life and especially in Africa. The narratives that we will use here are thusly identified with South Africa. Propositions stories are the husband composed by Nadine Gordimer, the espresso truck young lady composed by Ezekiel Mphalele and appearance in a cell set up by Mafika Gwala. Every one of these accounts are for the most part reflecting one basic thing, the states of life of dark individuals in South Africa.The stories by and large mirror the impacts that politically-sanctioned racial segregation had on the number of inhabitants in South Africa. It is critical to explain what the word politically-sanctioned racial segregation alludes to. Politically-sanctioned racial segregation was a framework in which racial isolation was the foundation and was empowered and built up by the national government. Note that a minority of white individuals shaped the legislature and that the individuals that were racially isolated were individuals of other â€Å"color†, particularly the Africans. In the accounts introduced in the book and on which we are reflecting, you can obviously observe that dark people are struggling.The neighborhood in which they live are very poor, the manner in which they communicate in English is disturbing, and the most significant part is that the writers consistently tried to show the clear control of the white individuals over the dark individuals. Politically-sanctioned racial segregation was the aftereffect of colonization. The minority established by white individuals had authority over everything and was ma nhandling that capacity to serve and keep up its narrow minded intrigue. Thus, all other racial gatherings had to live to serve the ace, experiencing inconceivable misery and pain.Apartheid depended on four primary thoughts: right off the bat, the populace was organized in various gatherings as indicated by their shading. Furthermore, just the white race was viewed as the socialized race. Thirdly, white interests ought to forestall before anybody’s intrigue. At long last, the white individuals shaped a solitary country alongside the Afrikaans, recipe that made them the biggest racial gathering in the nation. Politically-sanctioned racial segregation was kept up by a progression of abusive laws that were just made conceivable by the populace Registration Act of 1950. That Registration was considered as the authoritative handbook for apartheid.IT contained a grouping of each individual and dependent on that arrangement, the eventual benefits of the â€Å"dominating minorityâ⠂¬  could be best served. Individuals from African better than average had their citizenship expelled and a wide range of abominations were submitted. The white minority ensured that dark individuals stayed non-taught on the grounds that they realized that training was the way to liberation. Fortunately, one of the most well known world’s pioneers, Nelson Mandela, prevailing with regards to reestablishing dark individuals rights simply like Martin Luther lord did with the dark populace here in the United States.Nelson Mandela, much the same as Martin Luther King applied a strategy of peacefulness to cut the politically-sanctioned racial segregation framework down. Some potential answers for racial issues could be the selection of peacefulness regulation like Gandhi and furthermore instruction. Training can even be considered as the most significant factor since pioneers need to have an open soul to have the option to coordinate the majority. Another arrangement could be the utilization of religion to fortify the brain. Religion can be fundamental and has consistently been basic operating at a profit network. It brings genuine feelings of serenity and quality in the war for equity and fairness.

English Essay Topics for College - Top 3 Essay Topics You Should Choose From

English Essay Topics for College - Top 3 Essay Topics You Should Choose FromFor students who want to improve their English language skills, choosing the right essay topics for college can be difficult. There are numerous essay topics out there, and while some are more effective than others, it is important that you choose the topics based on your individual needs and individual style.General essay topics are among the easiest to write about, but they are also the ones that you will probably not hear much about in college. They include such things as, 'Why I like to be,' or 'Why I would not hire a carpenter who didn't have the proper tools.' These are general topics that can be used to outline the skills you have to write a great essay on any topic.Once you've learned how to write a well-written general essay, it's time to branch out into specific topics. Your essay topics should include these topics for students who are applying to colleges in order to get a better job or get a highe r paying job in the future. These should include such things as, 'Why I am not a good student, and how I am working hard to change this.' You can even include why you like the career field you are interested in if you are a student.Now, it is possible that you have specific skills and knowledge about the subject that you can use to write for technical essay topics. While these topics will likely involve something that you have a lot of experience with, these can still be used as essay topics to show what you have learned. To find these topics, you may want to research the field of technology you are interested in.As a student interested in education, the topics that you will want to write for include teaching methods, syllabi, and standards. These can be great ways to show that you are not only knowledgeable about the subject matter, but that you are knowledgeable about all aspects of teaching. These are great essays to give to potential employers, or to other prospective employers. Last but not least, the next best thing to write about that includes something for everyone would be personal essay topics. These are essays that are specific to you, and if you have a great deal of knowledge about the topic, then it is likely that your classmates will. This means that you need to be sure that you tailor your essay topics for each individual professor.Make sure that you do not present your classmates as a bunch of no-talent people. When writing your essay, make sure that you give them an opportunity to make a valid point, or a compelling case about why they think they should be in your class. When you give your classmates ideas about how to write a better essay, make sure that you give them an opportunity to present their own thoughts as well.Making sure that you write about all types of topics for each of your professors is a good way to show that you are not just writing for your classmates, but that you can write about any type of topic you want. Just make sure t hat you use the above resources to help you. Then you will be sure to come out looking great on your paper!

Exploring Natural Law And Ethics - 1450 Words

The best way to describe natural law, is that it offers a name for the topic of convergence amongst law and ethics. Scholars of natural law comprehend anthropological fulfilment; the morality of human nature, as diversified. The Speluncean Explorers is an anecdotal case in which a group of individuals go to investigate and wind up getting caught in a cavern with exceptionally small assets and luxuries to last them. After reading this case, it is vital to note that the decision that the cavemen recommended by killing Whetmore and feeding on his flesh was only to be executed if all else fails, which unfortunately was the case. The judge whose arguments I found well justified and whose method of approaching law I agree with the most is that of Justice Foster. The way Justice Foster views certain matters and the approaches he takes is quite a similar path in which I additionally would have taken to look at law in the given circumstances of the case of the Speluncean explorers. I would first like to disclose in the matter as to why I agree with his methodology. As we read in his judgement, he supports the fact that the four survivors are innocent and should not be convicted or hanged, based on the situation that they were placed under. He believes that it was reasonable for any individual to have proceeded in such a vicious manner as these men have, and rests his closing arguments on two grounds. Firstly, Justice Foster takes the perspective that positive law cannot be usefulShow MoreRelatedThe Nature of Ethics in Hinduism, Christianity, and Buddhism Essay1360 Words   |  6 PagesThe Nature of Ethics in Hinduism, Christianity, and Buddhism When asking the question about the nature of ethics, it is hard to explain where they came from because not everyone has the same views or religions. Since religions have different standards, there are different sources to them and different reasons for why people should follow them. When trying to find answers to questions about the nature of ethics, it is impossible to know which religions view is correct. This paper willRead MoreThe Ethical Issue Of Physician Assisted Suicide1580 Words   |  7 PagesIn Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle establishes that â€Å"every art and every inquiry, and similarly every action and pursuit, is thought to aim at some good and for this reason the good has rightly been declared to be that at which all things aim† and explains this through the dialectic of disposition, particularly between vice and virtue. In chapter four, Aristotle affirms that since â€Å"all knowledge and every pursuit aims at some good†, we inherently seek the hi ghest form which is known to both the massesRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Ethical Systems872 Words   |  4 PagesSystems In ethics, four systems serve as different beliefs concerning our morals: Relativism Ethics, Consequentialism Ethics, Deontological Ethics, and Virtue Ethics. These four theories attempt to define what right and wrong should be and how one should handle any situation. There are many strengths and weaknesses of each view. The goal is to determine which theory is the best by exploring real world situations and questioning the claims that just don’t work out. RELATIVISM ETHICS There are twoRead MoreThe Ethics And Ethical Ethics1739 Words   |  7 Pagesthe 4th Century BC, the study of ethics and ethical behaviour has occupied human thought, with various philosophers exploring the fundamental issues of practical decision making, determining the nature of normative theories (Aristotelian virtue ethics), and applying these principles to pragmatic moral issues. Approximately 2040 years ago, Aristotle published, what is considered to be the foundations of modern day ethics and ethical frameworks, the â€Å"Nicomachean Ethics†. Through this publication, AristotleRead MoreNichomachean Ethics And Thomas Aquinas986 Words   |  4 Pagesspecifically in Aristotle’s â€Å"Nichomachean Ethics† and Thomas Aquinas’ â€Å"On the Nature of Law.† And by examining these texts I wish to argue that even though they lived nearly 1000 years apart, Aristotle and St. Thomas Aquinas share the same overall view of justice, but they each follow di fferent paths to reach that justice. Both Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas believe in the pursuit of happiness as a measure of justice and a desirable chief end of life. So in this view, all laws that are made in order to maintainRead MoreSpace Colonization : A New Frontier1710 Words   |  7 Pageswonder how ethical it is to change the space environment and what consequences come with doing so. Politicians face the question of governance and law-making in the space frontier. The viewpoints toward space colonization are not simple to categorize as pro and contra, rather they are multi-layered and based on several fields of study, in particular, ethics, science, and economics. I will portray the complexity of the issue by analyzing some of the pro and contra philosophical treatises, economic andRead More Ethics Of The Hellenistic World Essay1265 Words   |  6 Pagesgoals; the Epicureans felt that the pursuit of pleasure was the correct path to enlightenment, while the Stoics had the idea that the conformation to strict l aws regarding virtue was the proper path, and as for Aristotle, he held the middle ground in this debate of the minds, feeling that moderation was the key to complete happiness. Epicurus ethics was a form of egoistic hedonism, meaning that the only thing essentially valuable is ones own pleasure. Anything else that has value is valuable merelyRead MoreKnowledge, Error, And Accuracy1356 Words   |  6 Pagesdeal with the error when it is considered as a bad thing? The answering to this query is pretty simple. An error is actually helping in the production of valuable knowledge. In my essay, I will be exploring the production of knowledge by an error in two areas of knowledge which are natural sciences and ethics. In both areas of knowledge, there is certainly a great role of error in the creation of valuable knowledge besides accuracy. What does knowledge, error and accuracy means to me? For me, KnowledgeRead MoreIs Torture Morally Wrong?1265 Words   |  6 Pagesthe method of virtue of ethics to helps us better understand if he is for torture. The term torture shall be determined by exploring both philosophers’ definition of justice, what comprises a â€Å"just† act, what is considered â€Å"unjust†, and then determined if it would be accepted by, or condemned by either of these two philosophers. Begging with John Stuart Mill an English and Economist philosopher who helped developed the concept of utilitarianism. The author from Doing Ethics claims, â€Å"UtilitarianismRead More Pollution and Environment Essay - Man Must Dominate Nature and the Environment1714 Words   |  7 PagesHence, in this paper I analyze a common environmental claim: Everything natural has inherent value, and we should respect its right to exist. This paper is not meant to be a complete examination of environmental ethics; that would be beyond its scope. This question, however, lies at the heart of environmental ethics, and is certainly worth exploring.    Must we go through life refusing to do harm to any other natural entity, living in harmony with it, or respecting its rights? Or, if

John Thomas Hobbes And The State Of Nature - 1162 Words

Opposite to Augustine, Thomas Hobbes believes that the laws set what is wrong and without laws there would be no right or wrong. In Hobbes book Leviathan, argues government is an artificial part of life. Without government, we would be in the â€Å"state of nature†. In the state of nature, we are in a condition of war. Hobbes argues that in the condition of war â€Å"every man against every man, this also is consequent; that nothing can be unjust. The notions of right and wrong, justice and injustice, have there no place. Where there is no common power, there is no law; where no law, no injustice. Force and fraud are in war the two cardinal virtues† (Hobbes 79). Without any government and laws, there is no justice. There is no room for the cardinal virtues in the condition of nature, as there is only the need to survive. Murder, stealing, and any other action is perfectly justifiable to survive. The right to whatever we want is our natural right and no action is unjust This raises an important issue on why have laws in the first place. Hobbes argues that are motive to establish law is for the security of a man’s person, in his life, and in the means of so preserving life as not to be weary of it† (Augustine 82). In the theoretical condition of war, life is a living hell and is a struggle to survive. By establishing law, we avoid this condition of war and total anarchy. Hobbes argues that we have laws just for our protection and not because an action is naturally unjust. HobbesShow MoreRelatedThe State Of Nature : Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, And Jean Jacques Rousseau902 Words   |  4 Pages　 The state of nature is the state were humans existed before government was ever created. There once was a period were there were not any rules, or laws to obey. In a state of nature there are no social goods. No farming, housing, technology, or education. With a state of nature there must be guaranteed that no one will harm one another, and people must rely on other s to keep their word, and not go back on what they say. Living in a state of nature was no way to live honestly. A state of natureRead MoreJohn Locke And Thomas Hobbes1287 Words   |  6 Pagesto obey. The governing body of a nation, state, or community is classified as a government. In order to run a proper political system, one must know how to balance and consider the nature of humankind and their rights. John Locke and Thomas Hobbes were both political philosophers who developed theories about how the government should work. They set up their theories around The Natural Law and the Social Contract Theory. Although J ohn Locke and Thomas Hobbes had a similar goal, their beliefs and opinionsRead MoreThomas Hobbes And The Enlightenment878 Words   |  4 Pagestype of government is best? Thomas Hobbes, an Englishman born in 1588, is one of the Enlightenment thinkers. Hobbes wrote The Leviathan, published in 1651, observing the violence and behavior of people near the end of the English Civil War. He believed that monarchy is the best government. John Locke, another Enlightenment thinker, is an Englishman born in 1632. Locke wrote Two Treatises of Government, published in 11689,expressing his opinions on the â€Å"state of nature† and types of government. HeRead MoreEssay about Phi-286 Mod 3 Wa 1827 Words   |  4 PagesIndependence) follows from John Lockes theory of government? Could it follow from Hobbess theory of government? Under what circumstances? Thomas Jeffersons theory of revolution seems to follow specific criteria from Thomas Hobbes original foundation, which was further expanded upon by John Locke and ultimately fine tuned by Thomas Jefferson. To get an understanding how these three philosophies follow one another, we must begin at the documented source; Thomas Hobbes. Thomas Hobbes lived during revolutionaryRead MoreViews of Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau815 Words   |  4 PagesArden Bentley AP Euro 3/9/13 Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean-Racques Rosseau were philosophers who stated their belief of human nature and how we should govern mankind. Although Rousseau was born a different time than Hobbes and Locke, they all had a very strong influence on the way governments should function. They created a revolutionary idea of the state of nature, the way men were before a government came into play. Each philosopher developed guidelines and responsibilities that the governmentRead MoreImpact Of Thomas Hobbes During The Age Of Absolutism1009 Words   |  5 PagesThomas Hobbes During the Age of Absolutism The Age of Absolutism was a time during the 16th to 19th centuries where many political, religious and colonial conflicts were rising. Some philosophers began to analyze the ideas of their civilizations in depth toward the end of this time period as it led into the Age of Enlightenment. One of these philosophers was Thomas Hobbes. He had quite a few accomplishments during his lifetime including writing many books and supporting the popular belief thatRead MoreModern Liberalism and Political Policies1337 Words   |  6 PagesModern Liberalism Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau’s political philosophies and theories each differ from one another’s, but these three philosophers have all staked their claims as to what man would be like, prior to the formation of the state. This is the State of Nature. Their notions on the social contract reflect their position on the political spectrum. These three philosophers also examine the purpose and function of the government to individuals of the state. Modern liberalismRead MoreCompare and Contrast the Philosophies of John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, and Karl Marx843 Words   |  4 PagesPhilosophies of John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, and Karl Marx In the idea of human nature; origin of state, the nature of government, the rights of regulation can be drawn as the reflection of insightful philosophies of John Locke, Thomas Hobbes and Karl Marx. By understanding this within the context of human nature, we can see their ideas play to how they perceive a modern philosophy. Karl Marxs Communist Manifesto illustrates the desire to build a society without economic classes. John Lockes PoliticalRead MoreThe American Constitution And The Bill Of Rights1463 Words   |  6 PagesEnlightenment and thoughts of the philosophes, specifically John Locke. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke were both English philosophers,influential thinkers of the seventeenth century, both had confidence in a Social Contract and they both distributed books that were generally perused. Thomas Hobbes talked about and built up the social contract hypothesis through his book Leviathan. The social contract hypothesis was later bolstered and translated encourage by John Locke. This hypothesis which was essential to theRead MoreThe State Of Nature And Government1315 Words   |  6 Pages THE STATE OF NATURE AND GOVERNMENT Chloe Holmeshaw BF190 Dr. Charles Wells October 11, 2015 â€Æ' The State of Nature and Government The State of Nature and governing in â€Å"The State of Nature† are two subject that Hobbes and Locke both discuss in their book. The enlightenment period was a time of Learning, new inventions, new theories, and new government. Two prominent figures that became known during the enlightenment were Thomas Hobbes (1588-1674) and John Locke (1632-1704). These enlightenment

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke - 1203 Words

Court Case--May 2014 Regents of the University of California V. Bakke (1978) Issue Involved: Reverse Discrimination/The Constitutionality and Limitations of Affirmative Action Background on Affirmative Action: Definition of Affirmative Action: â€Å"A set of procedures designed to eliminate unlawful discrimination between applicants, remedy the results of such prior discrimination, and prevent such discrimination in the future.† Cornell University Law School March 6, 1961: John F. Kennedy signs Executive Order 10925 Sec. 301 (Paragraph 1): â€Å" . . . [Government] contractor[s] will take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin.† July 6, 1964: President Lyndon B. Johnson signs The Civil Rights Act, which prohibits racial discrimination and mentions the use of â€Å"affirmative action to overcome the effects of prior discrimination.† June 4, 1965: President Johnson speaks at Harvard University â€Å"You do not take a person who, for years, has been hobbled by chains and liberate him, bring him up to the starting line of a race and then say, you are free to compete with all the others, and still justly believe that you have been completely fair.† June 28, 1978: Regents of California V. Bakke. Background: Allan Bakke applied twice (in 1973 and 1974) to be accepted into the Medical School at the University of California at Davis, butShow MoreRelatedRegents Of The University Of California V. Bakke2990 Words   |  12 PagesT Statman Kluch ENG 102 Period 4 1 May 2015 Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) Introduction Race equality has been an arduous issue in the United States. Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) is a landmark Supreme Court case that brought scrutiny to racial discrimination in the college admission process. The Encyclopedia Of Law And Higher Education introduces the discussion of the University of California at Davis’ special minority admissions policy at theirRead MoreRegents Of The University Of California V. Bakke980 Words   |  4 PagesS.C.O.T.U.S. Legal Brief Justin Kaye Period 2 May 2015 Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1976) Facts of the case: In the early 1970’s UC Davis decided to have a dual admissions program for their medical school. The purpose of having two admissions programs in one would be for regular students and the other one would be for â€Å"disadvantaged† students. Minority applicants could now say they were â€Å"disadvantaged† so they were put in the special pool which would make it easy for them toRead MoreThe Case of The Regents of the University of California v. Bakke761 Words   |  3 PagesThe Regents of the University of California v. Bakke case in 1978 explored the issue surrounding a young white man’s rejection from UC Davis’ Medical School when students with lower grades than him were accepted through a minority benefits program. The young man, Allan Bakke, was rejected in two successive years before filing suit in the Superior Court of Yolo County, arguing that he had to be accepted to the school since those with grades lower than him had been accepted throug h the benefits programRead MoreThe Study of Affirmative Action Essay1400 Words   |  6 Pagesaction. Allan Bakke was an aspiring anesthesiologist that was rejected from the University of California’s medical school twice while minorities with lower MCAT scores and undergraduate GPAs where getting accepted due to the quota system (Stewart 2014). After the second rejection, the plaintiff, Allan Bakke, decided to sue the defendant, University of California, on the basis of the fourteenth amendment and Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Allan Bakke claimed that the University of California’sRead MoreRace and The Affirmative Action Policies1244 Words   |  5 Pagesand the impacts on society the utilization of race creates. With such pending questions on fairness and of the constitutionality of affirmative action policies two major Supreme Court cases have arisen, University of California Regents v. Bakke and Grutter v. Bollinger, both impacting university admissions policies throughout the country and setting precedent in following rulings. Following the two ruling s of these cases, I argue that affirmative action and the utilization of race as a positive factorRead MorePersuasive Essay On Civil Liberties1208 Words   |  5 Pagesespecially the misguided powerful elite, do not justify the total abandonment of our system of government. According to Andrei Cherny, Americans can â€Å"build on what came before us instead of letting that progress get washed away†. In the instance of the California license plate program, government officials are finding themselves â€Å"above the law† due to their special privileges. The ability to evade tolls and dodge red light cameras (Muir, â€Å"Special license plates shield officials from traffic tickets†) isRead MoreEssay about Affirmative Action and Higher Education1546 Words   |  7 PagesCourt, handed down the decision in Regents of University of California v. Bakke in 1978, he attempted to give a rational for affirmative action in higher education that did not rely on retribution for one race; however, over time modest progress improving minority representation in schools have combined with the frustrations of a new generation to create a present situation that puts the pasts policies under new political and legal scrutiny. When the Bakke decision was handed down it set standardsRead MoreDiscrimination in College Admissions1963 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Discrimination in College/University Admissions There can be many factors that determine whether or not you can get into a college. Do you have the grades, are you involved in your community, have you been convicted. Many questions like those listed above have been commonly asked to applicants who apply for major colleges universities. However, you are never asked your ethnicity during an interview, usually they give you an application to fill out and they have a space that allows you to checkRead MoreCivil Liberties And Civil Rights1329 Words   |  6 PagesPegnoglou 4 Gavin Pegnoglou Sherry Sharifian GOVT-2305-71433 6 October 2017 Civil Liberties v Civil Rights Civil Liberties and Civil Rights is a pillar for every American citizen. Civil Liberties are specific individual rights a person has that are legally protected from being violated by the government. 1 Civil Liberties include, but are not limited to, right to privacy, right to vote, right to bear arms, and right to marry. Civil Rights provide for the right to be treated equally without discriminationRead MoreConsideration Of Race For College Admissions Process : Fisher V. Texas901 Words   |  4 Pages TO: Dr. Alisa Smith FROM: Drew Carff DATE: April 7, 2016 RE: Consideration of race in college admissions process – Fisher v. Texas FACTS Abigail Fisher, a Caucasian Texas resident, applied for admission to the University of Texas at Austin. She applied for the entering class of fall 2008. The University rejected her application. Fisher graduated from another university in May 2012. In 1997, Texas passed the Top Ten Percent Plan into law. The law guarantees admission to Texas residents that graduate

Intellectual Property Law Copyright

Question: What circumstances can employee own his copyright under the cause of employment? Answer: This essay will be looking at the copyright work and thereby focusing on the circumstances where the author can own his own work while under employment. The rule that copyright initially vested in author is however subject to a number of exception. The first is concern with work made by employee while under employment. Copyright law in the United Kingdom is an origination of the concept of common law. It became a statutory law with the passing of the Copyright Act, 1911 and currently the act is known as Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988 (Cornish, Llewelyn and Aplin 2013). The type of work to which this Act applies is literary meaning song lyrics, computer programmes, commercial documents, articles and newsletters. In the year 1992, computer programmes was also considered as literary works as part of the copyright act. The Act shall also be applicable to dramatic, musicals and artistic work such as plays, dance, recordings and paintings. Additionally, films and broadcasts shall also be considered as part of Copyright Act in the United Kingdom (Bently and Sherman 2014). Section 9 to 11 of the Copyright Act 1988, deals with ownership and authorship of copyright. For the purpose of this Act, author shall mean a person who creates the unique work (Harriss and Atkinson 2013). In the case of sound recording, the producer who produced the sound recording shall be regarded as the owner, in the case of broadcast, the person who made the broadcast shall be regarded as the owner and in the case of a typographical arrangement, and the person who published the edition shall be considered as the owner. This is important in the case of employment as during the course of employment a person who creates any of the following work shall also be regarded as the owner, having full ownership over them. However, until the time the person continues his employment, the employer is considered as the owner of the copyright even though the employer is the creator of the work (Kur, Planck and Dreier 2013). According to section 9 subsection 3 of the Act, in the case of dramatic , literary and musical work that is generated by computer, the author of such work shall be the person who made the work generate through computer program (Davis 2012). For the purposes of employment, a person who generates such work shall be regarded as the author however; the ownership belongs to the employer until the time the person is in the course of his employment (Lemley 2012). The following statutory provisions are contained in the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988 for the protection of literary, dramatic and musical works. According to section 1(1) (a), the following kind of works are given copyright protection such as literary, dramatic, musical and artistic (Bently and Sherman 2014). Hence, copyright provides protection to the idea of the creation and not just the creation. Generally, names, phrases and titles should not be regarded as unique work however; a logo may be regarded as a unique work as it has all the elements of uniqueness and originality in it (Von Hippel, Jong and Flowers 2012). According to section 11 of the Copyright Act, 1988, where an employee creates any work during the course of his employment, then the employer shall be considered as the owner of the work unless there is a contract that states a contrary (Cornish, Llewelyn and Alpin 2013). According to Section 215 of the ownership of design right, the first owner of a design is considered as the owner of the maker of the design unless such a design is created in the course of employment (Griffith, Miller and O'Connell 2014). When a company, group of people or individuals create a work copyright arises. The work created shall fall under the protection of copyright if it is original exhibiting a certain level of originality, skill and labor. Interpretation of copyright is related to the creation of the work and the idea behind it rather than only the creation (Torremans 2013). For example, the idea for formation of a book shall not be protected but the content of the book shall be protected. Under normal circumstances, an individual or collective individuals who authored the work are considered as owners of the work and they are considered as people having the first ownership of their work (Coleman 2013). However, if such work is produced as part of the employment then the first owner shall be the company that is the employer of the person who created the work. In cases of freelancing, the authors of the work are the persons who created the work rather than the employer of the same. The owner of the copyri ght may sell or transfer his ownership right to some other person. If the copyright work is taken as sample from the previous work then the copyright does not survive anymore. The owner of the copyright has the exclusive authority to bring an action against the person who breached his exclusive copyright. However, this is not always the case, if the work is created by the employee in the course of their employment; the employer becomes the owner of the copyright (Griffith, Miller and O'Connell 2014). If an independent contractor creates the work and if the contractor in writing signs an agreement that states that the work shall be considered as authority of the employer then the independent contractor shall not have any claim for obtaining copyright over the work. The employer in this case shall be regarded as the owner of work. Finally, if the owner of the copyright sells his exclusive right then he may not be regarded as owner of the unique work (SHErMAN and Bently 2015). When two or more authors prepare a work with the intention of combing their contributions into indivisible parts, then the work is considered as a creation of joint authors. The joint authors are considered as copyright owners. The best example of joint author work is a book, which is written by more than one author (Lang and Heasman 2015). However, if the book is primarily written by any one of the authors and later other authors contribute to the original work then such a work shall not be regarded as an inseparable work. Copyright enables the holder of the right to have control over the distribution of their work and prevent others from doing the same. The ability of the owners to manufacture and distribute the work helps them in deriving economic benefits from their work (Hall et al. 2012). To publish or produce the work in the market, the publisher or the seller has to obtain the permission of the author and he has to acquire exclusive right over the work. If copyright ownership is an origination from the author then the publisher has to derive authority from negotiation of the terms of the license. By vesting copyright ownership on the author, they have the authority to control the honor of their work and benefit them from exploitation. This is the internal effect of copyright. The internal and external ownership of copyright give the authority of creation, distribution and production of the original works. Additionally, lawmakers have also introduced legislative remuneration powers for securing the private lending rights of the unique work (Hart, Clark and Fazzani 2013). A common situation that many companies face is regarding the creation of a new computer software system. It is seen in many companies than ace programmers works on a part time basis, since programming is a major part of an IT undertaking, an outside computer software consultant is appointed to help the ace programmer with the implementation of the software. After a lot of hard work and time investment, both the software developer develop new software that could effectively manage the computer software system (Evers, Miller and Spengel 2015). The company paid the software developer whom they hired from outside and the company assumed themselves as the owner of the software system. After few months, it is seen that the programmer uses the software for their personal use and they obtain economic benefits from the software that was created for the company. The general assumption in such cases is that once we are paid for the work for which we are appointed, the ownership of the work gets over and the employee considers himself the owner of the copyright work (Harriss and Atkinson 2013). This is however true, and the programmers have the right to utilize their work and make economic benefits out of it. Law considers such act as lawful; the software company should have made the programmers sign a contract that restricted them from using the software outside the premises of the company for distribution or marketing purposes (Kur, Planck and Dreier 2013). In determining whether the author is under a contract of services, the first step is to differentiate between contract of services and contract for services. The contract of service can be determined by applying the contract law and tort law and very few have been applied in the context of copyright law. The older case laws have given us the evidence that greater the control of the employer over an employee, greater is the chances that the employee shall fall under the contract of services (Davis 2012). The control was considered as an important part of the Copyright Act, 1911 in the United Kingdom. However, recently the companies are departing from the control test. The Courts have relied on other areas of law for interpretation other than the law of copyright for determining the contract of service. Many types of policy considerations exist for the interpretation of copyright other than the copyright for the understanding of contract of service. The control test is not appropriate for all copyright matters, especially in those areas where skilful employees are involved. In such cases, it is almost impossible to establish the amount of control that an employer has over a creation (Lemley 2012). Stephenson, Jordan and Harrison Ltd. v. MacDonald and Evans is a famous case that have provided for a new approach for understanding of the term of contract of service. In this case it was held, that an integral part of the business as explained by Lord Denning is the test of copyright to determine whether the author is an employee under the contract of service. As per the requirements of the Act, it is important to proof that the employee is under the contract of service however, this is not sufficient for copyright ownership. The work should be made while the employee was in the course of their employment. This is difficult to determine as the hours of employment and extent of employment is not always specified. The Courts sometimes rely on the facts of the case to de termine the course of employment (Cornish, Llewelyn and Alpin 2013). In the case of Byrne v. Statist Co, it was held that an employee who was appointed for making translations of the speech for extra remuneration other than his regular salary, held the copyright in his translated speech. The author undertook the translation during his own time and not part of his employment. It was for this reason, why he was able to claim copyright over his work (Davis 2012). In the case of Stephenson, Jordan and Harrison Ltd. v. MacDonald and Evans, an accountant owned copyright over the lectures he wrote with the business in which he was working. The lectures were prepared for universities and colleges and thus were not considered as part of his employment. Other place where the problem of determination may arise is with respect to the staff in the hospital or nurse or staffs who work at school. If the staffs who works at school prepares lecture note for his own convenience then it shall be regarded as his copyright and not the copyright of the company as his job i s not to prepare lecture notes but to teach students. Hence, this shall be regarded as part of the authors own work. In such case, the employer cannot seek protection over the work of his employee. Each case must be examined depending on the facts of the case and according to the contract of service of the employee. The importance to establish ownership of the work, depending on the facts can have a profound effect on the employer. Firstly, the employee may sue the employer for infringement of the employees copyright. Secondly, except the employer has received an assignment from the employee and is willing to take that risk that, he owns the copyright in the given work; the employer may get involved into two different kind of lawsuit to protect his copyright against infringement. First he may get involved with the employee and then with the infringer of the copyright. The process of trial for solving the ownership of work by the employer is time consuming, expensive and aggravating. If the employer becomes unsuccessful in his initial attempt against the employee, he will lack the standing to sue the alleged infringer. Only when the employer is able to prove that he is the owner of the copyright, he will be able to proceed with the action against the infringer (Griffith, Miller and O'Connell 2014 ). Secondly, the problem is related to the ambiguous wording of the Act and the journalist enjoys this regime. According to the Act, an employer of the journalist is given copyright in the work of the journalist if the employer meets the requirements of ownership. However, this right is restricted to the publication of work in any newspaper or magazine. There is absence of such a provision in the Act and that is why it is noted in many scenarios that journalist take advantage of this. Once a work is published in any magazine or newspaper, the owner of the work shall be the employer and not the employee. An associated problem with this provision is the policy fundamental to this. It is difficult to a section that the journalists are paid only for the creation of their work while other employees create copyright works incidental to their responsibilities. Commercial screenwriters and artists are also employed to create copyright works; however, they have no special right to restrict certa in uses of their works (Lang and Heasman 2015). Thirdly, is the extent of rights that an employer has in the work of the employee. An employer who owns copyright in the work not only has the right to distribute or sell the work but also obtains subsidiary rights of the work. This is enumerated in section 3 of the Copyright Act, for example, dramatic, film and translation rights. These rights do not only continue during the course of employment but it also continues even after the employment contract is terminated. This gives opportunity to the employer to enjoy the work even after the employment with the employee is over. However, this right should not prejudice to the rights of the employees. Due to this wide scope of exploitation of the work, it attains a value that is beyond the consideration of the employee and the employer. It is not always the activity of the employer that increases the value of the work. A work may be exploited in a way that is not known to the employee and the employer and it may attain a greater popularity of the work than anticipated. This may happen when the advertisement firm for the advertisement of his work pays an employee and consequently the advertisement becomes very popular. The advertising company reaps the benefit for the popularity of the advertisement. Though the work was created for some other purpose and for some other project and gradually used by someone else for monetary benefits (Hart, Clark and Fazzani 2013). Conclusively, it may said that the inadequacies in the present law system and the use of incomplete phrases such as contract of service and course of employment have led to greater uncertainty in the understanding of law. There is a need for amendment in the existing Copyright Law of United Kingdom and especially amendment should be made regarding the policy and uncertainty of the rights of the journalist and rights of the employer for the exploitation of the copyright work. References: Bently, L. and Sherman, B., 2014.Intellectual property law. Oxford University Press, USA. Cavusgil, S.T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J.R., Rammal, H.G. and Rose, E.L., 2014.International business. Pearson Australia. Coleman, E.G., 2013.Coding freedom: The ethics and aesthetics of hacking. Princeton University Press. Cornish, W., Llewelyn, G.I.D. and Aplin, T., 2013. Intellectual property: patents, copyright, trade marks allied rights. Davis, J., 2012.Intellectual Property Law Core Text. Oxford university press. Evers, L., Miller, H. and Spengel, C., 2015. Intellectual property box regimes: effective tax rates and tax policy considerations.International Tax and Public Finance,22(3), pp.502-530. Griffith, R., Miller, H. and O'Connell, M., 2014. Ownership of intellectual property and corporate taxation.Journal of Public Economics,112, pp.12-23. Hall, B., Helmers, C., Rogers, M. and Sena, V., 2014. The choice between formal and informal intellectual property: a review.Journal of Economic Literature,52(2), pp.375-423. Harriss, D.J. and Atkinson, G., 2013. Ethical standards in sport and exercise science research: 2014 update.International journal of sports medicine,34(12), pp.1025-1028. Hart, T., Clark, S. and Fazzani, L., 2013.Intellectual property law. Palgrave Macmillan. Kur, A., Planck, M. and Dreier, T., 2013.European intellectual property law: text, cases and materials. Edward Elgar Publishing. Lang, T. and Heasman, M., 2015.Food wars: The global battle for mouths, minds and markets. Routledge. Lemley, M.A., 2012. Intellectual property and shrinkwrap licenses. SHErMAN, B. and Bently, L., 2015. Intellectual property law. Torremans, P., 2013.Holyoak and Torremans intellectual property law. Oxford University Press. Von Hippel, E., De Jong, J.P. and Flowers, S., 2012. Comparing business and household sector innovation in consumer products: findings from a representative study in the United Kingdom.Management Science,58(9), pp.1669-1681.

Green Revolution free essay sample

Interaction between humans and the environment has always had a great importance in the development of humankind; according to Marx, what differentiates humans from other animals is the fact that humans can transform their surroundings to suit their needs, through labor. The Green Revolution is not the exception to that. In times of need the human being manipulated its environment to be suitable for its development, however, the question lingers, how efficient was it, how positive? The Green Revolution, from 1945 to the present, was motivated by the need to increase the production of food to supply for the increasing demand as population grew, to promote national self-sustainability in terms of food. However, during that period the effect of the Revolution have been detrimental to the environment and society: they have damaged agricultural diversity and heritage, damaged the lands, and put at risk food security; also, they have widened the gap between the very rich and the very poor, monopolizing the food industry. We will write a custom essay sample on Green Revolution or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Green Revolution originated after an urgent need to promote food security with a growing trend in global population, as a way to promote self-sustainability and independence. As it is clear in the report given by the Food and Agriculture Organization (DOC 2), in the period ranging from around 1929 (great depression) and 1945 (end of World War II) the global food supply index was below the world population. What this means is that there was literally not enough food being produced world wide to feed the world population. This struggle of human kind to stay afloat in supplying the minimum needs for survival meant that a change needed to occur. The answer, as Dr. Norman Borlaug stated in his Nobel Lecture (DOC 4) was not simply planting more in the developing nations, since the lands in those areas were â€Å"tired, worn out, depleted of plant nutrients†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Clearly, what the document refers is that a new, more effective way of growing food had to be developed. In fact, Dr. Borlaug states that the priority of the developments of the green revolution concentrated in the millions that were lurked by hunger, a large problematic that clearly was under the spotlight. As a proof that the world was prioritizing the deficient food supply is the statement given by President Harry Truman (DOC 3). President Truman was the leader of the most powerful nation in the world at the time, the one with the largest technological developments, and his word was the one that would set the course of the world. This particular speech is vital, since it is the inaugural speech, where he was to set the priorities of the government and address the world with what the United States had as a course for the future. In this speech, he clearly refers to the shocking figure that â€Å"more than half the people of the world are living in conditions approaching misery† and says that the United States will help provide â€Å"technical knowledge†¦ to produce more food† In the speech President Truman refers often to liberty, thus meaning that self-sustainability will provide freedom. This speech is the perfect example, the jewel of the trend that the world was seeing with regard to prioritizing food. The mention of â€Å"technical knowledge† is vital in the construction of the green revolution as a response to the lack of food, with technological developments in the agricultural field. Some have said that the Green Revolution has been a success in improving the food industry, and improving living conditions for everyone; nevertheless the numbers today reflect a mediocre success. Indian minister for food and agriculture (1964-1967) states in an interview (DOC 5) that the farmers of the state of Punjab competed to use the technology that was introduced by the green revolution the best. It is stated with a positive connotation, as to refer to the great feats of Punjab. This seems very positive, however, the most likely reason for this to have occurred is the fact that multinational corporations were kicking them out of the market and they were forced into utilizing the technology that those same corporations were imposing on them. If this were true, which it most likely is, as it has happened in many places around the world, it would discredit the great success that the Green Revolution supposedly is. Furthermore, the claim is that the Green Revolution has brought prosperity, however, to whom, to the ones that were rich already? A perfect example of this negative impact of the Green Revolution is the conversation between Mrs. Dula and the United Nations official (DOC 6), which gives a not very realistic perspective of the impact of the green Revolution and is concentrated exclusively in the sector of the very rich. This document is indeed quite revealing, as the speaker is an aristocratic woman of Mexico, probably a housewife who sees the world through the optic of his husband, a man who earns a salary if the revolution which he works for is successful; in fact, she is most likely part of one of the clubs she talks about herself. The occasion of this statement is a simple conversation with a UN official, probably at some sort of a social event, where the high class is all joined together, with perfectly slanted people who are not really analyzing the global impact of the Green Revolution. This document gives a crystal clear proof of how much the Green Revolution has made the â€Å"rich Mexican farmers† richer probably at the expense of making the poor laborers, poorer, however, this document presents only one, very bright point of view to sell the revolution. With regards to India once again, socially, they sell the idea of improvement, like in the report of the State of Punjab (DOC 9) where it says that the Green Revolution has seen with it the â€Å"emergence of middle and rich peasants† a very undesirable euphemism to conceal the actual situation. This document seems to give a perspective of social growth and development, of a population going for education, yet once again, it seems very idealistic in its tone, when in reality India has totally different conditions. With regards to that, India has one of the largest Gini index’s in the world, meaning a huge social inequality, and has one of the smallest middle classes in the world, which has diminished even more throughout the years, meaning that in reality, India may have had a somewhat positive year, but the general trend is of a very pronounced downturn in social progress, all related to the Green Revolution which is destroying the small farmers. The Green Revolution, in truth has brought more ill than it has brought good, in the environmental and social aspects. Regarding environmental harm, the FAO Wheat Yield report (DOC 1) is very good in demonstrating the introduction of massive scale crops that the Green Revolution brings forth with it. The introduction of these crops damages the lands since they are not prone to such production. The graphs show that in both Mexico and India the crop yields were extremely irregular, and as time passed they have become even more, this is due to the fact that they are not proper to those areas and its planting is something totally synthetic and with complete disrespect towards the natural balance. The article by Dr. Vandana Shiva (DOC 8) reveals how much damage the crops, especially Genetically Modified Organisms; do to the land they are planted in. The â€Å"reduced genetic diversity, increased vulnerability to pests, soil erosion, water shortages†¦Ã¢â‚¬  are effect that will leave marked the land for a long time, as Dr. Shiva states, and are a threat to future generations, which will have totally barren land where it will be impossible to plant food. Dr. Shiva also refers to the social problematic that the Green Revolution is planting alongside its seeds. For instance the fight for water to provide irrigation, previously not needed in India, has lead to â€Å"conflict and violence† and as it has become a worldwide trend, the career for water dominance is â€Å"leading to both local and interstate water conflicts. † This clearly shows how disadvantageous the spread of the Green Revolution has been, since it has brought unmeasured changes that have not been made responsibly, but rather abruptly, causing enormous damage. Dr. Shiva is an Indian Physicist, and being from India she probably has had a very direct contact with the Green Revolution, considering that one of its birthplaces was in fact the State of Punjab. In this occasion she is writing for the Ecologist magazine, a publication read by people with primary interest in the environmental issues, including organization leaders and maybe politicians who will probably get concerned, especially due to the tone of annoyance and hatred that she employs in the article. Expanding on social implications, the Guatemalan National Coordinating Committee of Indigenous peasants (DOC 10) gives a different perspective. Although it may sound somewhat as mysticism from indigenous people, saying that they have contaminated the seeds is not a joke, considering the hormones that can be found in GMO plantations. This also acknowledges a vital issue, the loss of diversity and heritage that society is killing with the systematic Green Revolution trends, like the Mayan traditions, which have been present for â€Å"five thousand years. † Furthermore, the social disaster does not stop there, but stumbles over women, which according to the FAO Newsletter (DOC 7) have been forced to change their job. In this case the implications have made woman, traditionally in other roles, have even less opportunities to succeed, as the increased need for cash income made the woman be forced to work. This implies a social catastrophe since it denies the right of woman to equal opportunities, which are stripped off with the Green Revolution, which makes them simply one more laborer forced to work. Additional to the information presented in the documents it would be vital to contain the point of view of a small scale male farmer that has to compete with the multinational corporations, which have been installed after the start of the Green Revolution circa 1945. This would be important since it would show the first hand effects of the monopolies that the Green Revolution has brought, with regards to the social impact it has made, and whether that impact is positive or negative. As discussed throughout the essay, the Green Revolution, which has lasted from 1945 until the present day, was originated with a need to secure food production in a starving world. However its effects were not so positive, since today many starve, and the Green Revolution has damaged the environment and widened the gap between the social classes. The setup of crops that have give no benefit to the places in which they are grown, with complete disregard to the ecological balance that was being destroyed have caused issues ranging from soil erosion to water shortages and crops with pest vulnerability. The Green Revolution has also made the rich farmers richer at the cost of the poor being poorer, since the costs of the new technologies are not easily accessible, but the yields that they provide take the small farmers out of business. In general, although certain governments sponsor the Green Revolution and make it seem positive, it has brought about large changes in the way humans interact with the environment, with a generalized destruction of it to get short-term solutions to the problem of food shortages.

Essays Essays - Essay, An Essay On Criticism, Thomas Robert Malthus

Essays Essays - Essay, An Essay On Criticism, Thomas Robert Malthus Essays are generally scholarly pieces of writing giving the author's own argument, but the definition is vague, overlapping with those of an article, a pamphlet and a short story. Essays can consist of a number of elements, including: literary criticism, political manifestos, learned arguments, observations of daily life, recollections, and reflections of the author. Almost all modern essays are written in prose, but works in verse have been dubbed essays (e.g. Alexander Pope's An Essay on Criticism and An Essay on Man). While brevity usually defines an essay, voluminous works like John Locke's An Essay Concerning Human Understanding and Thomas Malthus's An Essay on the Principle of Population are counterexamples. In some countries (e.g., the United States and Canada), essays have become a major part of formal education. Secondary students are taught structured essay formats to improve their writing skills; admission essays are often used by universities in selecting applicants, and in the humanities and social sciences essays are often used as a way of assessing the performance of students during final exams. The concept of an "essay" has been extended to other mediums beyond writing. A film essay is a movie which often incorporates documentary film making styles and which focuses more on the evolution of a theme or an idea. A photographic essay is an attempt to cover a topic with a linked series of photographs; it may or may not have an accompanying text or captions.

Briefing paper on population aging to inform the new intake of Public Essay

Briefing paper on population aging to inform the new intake of Public Health Officers in Department - Essay Example There are mainly two demographic factors that determined the rate and pace of population aging. These are decline in fertility rate and the decline in mortality rate at older ages. As the rate of both fertility and mortality has declined significantly in the last decade and is expected to show more significant pattern in this century, so the process of population aging maintain the stability concerning the population growth. However, the process of population aging is getting more speed and significance by the fall in morality rate more than the fall in fertility rate. Since the fall in fertility actually prevents the birth of new allies in the earth and the fall in mortality rate of the older persons actually increasing their relative size, so this process ultimately leads to an increase in share of older persons in the world population. This process has continued since 1950 and results in decrease in mortality rate with an increasing pace even for the very old (more than 85 years) population, especially in the context of female population. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, by 2016, the number old population of New South Wales (65 years and more) is projected to outgrow the number of its child population (0-14 years). The Bureau has estimated that share of older population will increase to 20% of the total population of NSW by the end of 2023. We have shown the trend of percentage share of the child group (0-14 years), aged group (65 to 84 years) and more aged group (85 and above) in the total growth of population in case of NSW by the figure-1. However, there may be another factor that has some effect on the aging of the population. This is the consequence of migration. Process of immigration generally reduces the population aging since mainly the younger persons are the immigrants. But on the other hand, the process of emigration tends to

What impact does the safety record of SUVs have on the economy Essay

What impact does the safety record of SUVs have on the economy - Essay Example By examining the safety record to demonstrate how SUVs are indeed responsible for more deaths and injuries than passenger cars and how these excess injuries in turn influence losses in wages and productivity while increasing police, medical and insurance costs, attention throughout the paper is focused on how poor safety ratings resulting from the use of these vehicles adversely impact the economy. The physical size of an SUV mistakenly provides drivers with a feeling of security, but the facts show that these vehicles actually place drivers and passengers in much greater danger of death, whiplash, and spinal injuries. The illusion of bigger is better has been proven to be a dangerous myth. The impression that SUVs are safer is driven more on the perception that they are bigger and can therefore provide more protection, but accident studies show this is not the case. Mid-sized and smaller SUVs such as the Nissan Pathfinder, Suzuki Sidekick, and Jeep Wrangler had driver death-rates significantly higher than the average vehicle. In examining deaths per million passengers, SUVs had nearly the same death rates in accidents as small cars, but substantially more fatalities than mid-sized or large cars (â€Å"SUVs: Risks†, n.d.). Still, the perception of bigger is safer abounds. Mothers with the best of intentions for their family decide to purchase SUVs sacrificing the added expense for gas for what they believe is a safer vehicle for their children. SUVs, because of their high center-of-gravity, are much more likely to roll over than smaller vehicles or mini vans in all circumstances. Studies have shown the high profile of these vehicles contributes to this inclination especially as the result of an accident. The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, a research organization for the insurance industry, tested SUVs to show how well these vehicles protect the driver and passengers in a collision. Midsized SUVs were rated on a basis of â€Å"good†,

Inquiry learning Essay Example for Free

Inquiry learning Essay Introduction Discovery learning or Inquiry Learning has a long history in education and has regained popularity over the last decade as a result of changes in the field of education that put more emphasis on the role of the learner in the learning process. Zachos, Hick, Doane, and Sargent define discovery learning as â€Å"the self-attained grasp of a phenomenon through building and testing concepts as a result of inquiry of the phenomenon. † The definition emphasizes that it is the learner who builds concepts, that the concepts need to be tested, and that building and testing of concepts are part of the inquiry of the phenomenon. Computer simulations have rich potential to provide learners with opportunities to build and test concepts, and learning with these computer simulations is also referred to as simulation-based discovery learning (Lester, Vicari, Paraguacu, 2004). Students engaged in discussions – raising questions, resting ideas, challenging each other’s assertions – is at the heart of inquiry learning. Such discussions enable students to go beyond hands-on activities to interpret and reflect on their experiences and develop new ways of thinking. Reflecting their understanding of inquiry learning, the originators of network science aimed to have students in distant classrooms use the network to discuss science with one another like collaborating scientists (Feldman, 2000). Literature Review The main goal of discovery learning activity is to obtain and/or construct knowledge about a domain by performing experiments and inferring rules and properties of the domain from the results of those experiments. Research on discovery learning has shown that learners can experience a range of problems that can prevent successful learning. Discovery learning requires learners to act in the same manner as scientist when discovering the properties and relations of the domain that is simulated, using processes that are very similar to the processes of scientific discovery. Learners need to generate hypotheses, design experiments, predict their outcome, interpret data and reconsider hypotheses in order to construct knowledge about the domain. With each of these learning processes, problems can arise. Learners can fail to state testable hypotheses, design uninformative experiments or interpret experimental results badly (Gauthier, Frasson, VanLehn, 2000). In order to make discovery learning successful, learners can be supported from within the learning environment. The learning environment can contain cognitive tools that can be directed at the support of one or more learning processes. Cognitive tools can offer support to the learner in several ways of support, creating a learning dialogue between the learning environment and the learner and at establishing the conditions under which profitable learning processes takes place. Cognitive tools play a role in supporting and provoking these learning processes (Gauthier et al. , 2000; McTighe Wiggins, 2005). Like in discovery learning, the idea of simulation-based discovery learning is that the learner actively engages in a process. In an unguided simulation-based discovery environment learners have to set their own learning goals. At the same time they have to find and apply the methods that help to achieve these goals, which is not always easy. Two main goals can be associated with simulation-based discovery learning; development of knowledge about the domain of discovery, and development of skills that facilitate development of knowledge about the domain (Lester, Vicari, Paraguacu, 2004). Those who read Guthrie, Cornford, Allen, and Bluck, among others, will find there what we might call the â€Å"traditional view. † According to this view, the paradox is a dilemma about one’s epistemic resources at the outset of inquiry and the role those resources play at the inquiry’s conclusion. The alternatives that the dilemma proposes are beginning with 1) total, explicit knowledge or 2) absolute ignorance. The doctrine of recollection provides the solution with its proposal that all inquiry begins with something intermediate between 1) and 2): latent, unconscious, or implicit knowledge. When these commentators speak of â€Å"total knowledge,† they seem to have in mind â€Å"self-consciously clear† or â€Å"conscious† knowledge (Anton Preus, 1989). There are three points to be borne in mind in any discussion on learning by discovery. First, what is involved primarily is the learning of facts, concepts and principles rather than skills, techniques or sensitivities; and the subjects most relevant to discovery learning are mathematics, science and environmental studies. Second, it is usually associated with the traditional classroom, and third learning by discovery does not just happen; it comes about as a result of a particular teaching method or strategy. Numerous strategies can be distinguished in this connection; perhaps the most common one to be found is that of guided discovery (Manion, Morrison, Cohen, 2004). Discovery or Inquiry must ultimately in the history of the race precede instruction; for if it’s this teacher who teaches from someone else who learned it from another teacher that cannot go back indefinitely. Somewhere in the knowledge that we pass on in the process of teaching, someone must have discovered it for himself. so we see, first of all, that learning by discovery is primary (Loucks-Horsley Olson, 2000). Learning by instruction is secondary. And if this is so then we also see that teachers are, in an absolute sense, dispensable. For nothings which can be learned by instruction with teachers is impossible to learn without teachers. I don’t mean teachers aren’t useful; they are. For most of us would not be able to learn without the help of teachers or learn as rapidly or learn as easily the things we have to come to know in the course of our lifetime. But I do not mean that teachers are only helps. And this understanding of the teacher as an aid, as something which helps in the process of learning, is the deepest insight into the nature of teaching in relation to learning (Adler, 2000). Learning by instruction, learning with the help of teachers is no less active than learning by discovery or inquiry. Perhaps it would be better then, instead of saying learning by instruction and learning by discovery, to call them both learning by discovery; learning with a teacher as â€Å"aided discovery† and learning without a teacher, as â€Å"unaided discovery (Adler, 2000). Analysis Many network science projects have not lived up to their potential to involve students in productive inquiry. Firstly, the network science model of curriculum typically constraints classrooms by imposing rigid schedules for data submission and exchanges. The low level of completion for many network science projects – which, was less than 50% of classes in one project submitting data – may reflect teacher’s inability to fit the real lives of their classrooms, punctuated by school events and holidays and snowstorms, into the schedule demands of many network science projects (Feldman, 2000). Aiming to coordinate work among classes, many network science projects are constrained by centralized schedules. To refocus science learning on inquiry, teachers and students need flexible schedules to allow questions to be pursued in greater depth. Without such flexibility, the potential of the curriculum to support student inquiry is greatly diminished (Feldman, 2000). Secondly, network science encourages the use of scientific and social problems to spark learning, focusing on the importance of investigating questions for which the answer is not known. However, this emphasis on questions for which the answer is not known and the questions are of genuine interest to scientists excludes the possibility of students investigating concepts that may be well known to scientist but no longer of interest to them. Because such concepts are still unknown to students and potentially of great interest, they offer a scientific excursion through which students can reliably have successful and powerful learning experiences. For example, students might investigate phenomena as simple as why some objects float – a topic that is unlikely to be of any interest to scientists (Feldman, 2000). Inquiry learning, under appropriate conditions, is highly desirable; an elaborate pattern of ideas must be built up in a child’s head and only the child can built it; it is the teacher’s job to help the child to build up this elaborate structure of interrelated ideas, and to help the child correct the structure of interrelated ideas, and to help the child correct the structure whenever it is found to be in error (Solomon, 1988). By means of discovery learning we may reasonably expect children to learn something new; and to do so through some initiative of their own. Moreover, a teacher supports a child’s self-chosen activity with questions, commentary and suggestions (Manion et al. , 2004). Conclusion In this paper, we presented a view on combining collaborative learning and the discovery learning. The aim was to show how we can benefit from theoretical knowledge on discovery learning to enhance the added value that collaboration can have and, vice versa, how collaboration in itself can serve as support for the processes of discovery that learners can engage in. Mutual gain can be created from combining collaborative and discovery learning by increasing the mutual awareness in tools supporting either type of learning. Adding knowledge about discovery to collaborative tools can enhance collaborative tools to adapt themselves or give feedback on their contents. On the other hand, collaborative processes take the role of cognitive tools for discovery learning in making learning processes explicit. Of course the examples given in the paper are only a small part of what become possible combining two powerful paradigms of learning (Gauthier et al., 2000). In the latter part of the paper we show how a theory of discovery learning can help to design architecture for communicative support for discovery learning. A central place is taken by a common frame of reference that supports the communication between the different components in the architecture (Gauthier et al. , 2000). References: Adler, M. J. (2000). How to Think About the Great Ideas: From the Great Books of Western Civilization. Chicago and La Salle: Open Court Publishing. Anton, J. P. , Preus, A. (1989). Essays in Ancient Greek Philosophy: Plato. New York: SUNY Press. Feldman, A. (2000). Network Science, a Decade Later: The Internet and Classroom Learning. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Gauthier, G. , Frasson, C. , VanLehn, K. (2000). Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Germany: Springer. Lester, J. C. , Vicari, R. M. , Paraguacu, F. (2004). Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Berlin Heidelberg, NY: Springer. Loucks-Horsley, S. , Olson, S. (2000). Inquiry and the National Science Education Standards: A Guide for Teaching and Learning. Washington DC: National Academies Press. Manion, L. , Morrison, K. R. B. , Cohen, L. (2004). A Guide to Teaching Practice. London and New York: RoutledgeFalmer. McTighe, J. , Wiggins, G. P. (2005). Understanding by Design. Virginia USA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Solomon, C. (1988). Computer Environments for Children: A Reflection on Theories of Learning and Education. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London, England: MIT Press.

pearl harbor :: essays research papers

Naval base and headquarters of the U.S. Pacific Fleet, Honolulu county, southern Oahu Island, Hawaii, U.S. In U.S. history the name recalls the Japanese surprise air attack on Dec. 7, 1941, that temporarily crippled the U.S. Fleet and resulted in the United States' entry into World War 2. Pearl Harbor centres on a cloverleaf-shaped, artificially improved harbour on the southern coast of Oahu, 6 miles (10 km) west of Honolulu. The harbour is virtually surrounded (west to east) by the cities of Ewa, Waipahu, Pearl City, Aiea, and Honolulu. It has 10 square miles (26 square km) of navigable water and hundreds of anchorages and covers a land area of more than 10,000 acres (4,000 hectares). Its four lochs are formed by the Waipio and Pearl City peninsulas and Ford Island. Pearl Harbor Entrance (channel) connects its virtually landlocked bay with the Pacific Ocean. Pearl Harbor was called Wai Momi (â€Å"pearl waters†) by the Hawaiians because of the pearl oysters that once grew there. In 1840 Lieutenant Charles Wilkes of the U.S. Navy made the first geodetic survey and urged the dredging of the coral-bar entrance to the harbour. About 30 years later, Colonel John McAllister Schofield further recommended that the United States secure harbour rights.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A subsequent treaty (1887) granted the United States the exclusive use of the harbour as a coaling and repair station, but work was not begun until after 1898, when the Spanish-American War indicated its strategic value as a Pacific base. A naval station was established after 1908, and a drydock was completed in 1919. During the Pearl Harbor Attack in 1941 the USS Arizona sank with a loss of more than 1,100 men; a white concrete and steel structure now spans the hull of the sunken ship, which was dedicated as a national memorial on May 30, 1962.

Administrative Ethics Paper Essay

In the health care setting for administrators there is an ongoing occurrence of ethical issues implicit in daily activities. A health care administrator we have assignments to the business as well as to ourselves to help the customers and our coworkers who accommodated and checked the patients within the company. The information technology system is growing rapidly this is an ethical issue for the administrators that always shows itself within the company and that is the confidentiality of data. Confidentiality information is private, facts about another person, company, etc. in a health care setting confidentiality is patients’ medical information stored into a system by the company. When working in the healthcare fields there are some rules concerning confidentiality, and they are; know the facts, have decision-making skills that control confidential data, and have some ethical alertness. The significance of developing ethical alertness is being able to handle confidential data, boosted education, and conversations regarding these problems should happen within the company to give pessimistic opinions of the coworkers and this could assist them to get through the conversation, conservative views, and moral instruction, this could take along groundbreaking ways for coworkers and other to efficiently to reply hard data, and this potentially could come into view. As an administrator, we are avowed in by morals to value the confidentiality of data we intake, and use for the company. Confidentiality data can have but is not restricted to, staff private data and recompense records. The issue and impact on the population that affects most will be explained in this case study; this will be the scenery for the moral examination of problems an administrator linked to revealing confidential data regarding a worker. We have a nurse name Michelle, who is the leading nurse at a hospital with 250 beds. Michelle has worked in the administration field for three years and thinks highly of herself compared to the other coworkers in the company. When it came to decision making Michelle always found a way to disagree. Michelle  acknowledges that the company is unstable from general duties of the company price extracting and also includes employee reduction. Michelle acknowledged that the gross was high that it usually is, and this could cause hardship in the working environment that will also consist of workers not certified and obligatory overtime. Michelle thinks these problems were due because of the altering attitude of the hospital managerial team. We have Nurse Jackie, who is the second head nurse; she has worked in the nursing field for a few years. She is mothers who use to stay-at-home and take care of her family (husband, and daughters). When Jackie’s children got older Jackie wanted to go back to work. Jackie’s husband realized with his paycheck and her paycheck combined they would not have enough funds to support their daughters for college and their tuition increases every year. A position at the hospital opened for her to apply for and Jackie’s husband thought that would be a superior idea for Jackie to apply for it because it could assist him and her on helping their daughters with college. Jackie got hired, although her nursing knowledge has not been streamlined. Jackie thought that because she was not a permanent staff worker there that they would not ask her to do much so she took on more hours. The administrator for nursing name is Karen; she is also associates with Michelle. These two ladies have had issue regarding quality of care. Michelle began drama regarding supple workers pool nurses to work on the medical units to Karen’s attention, without an acceptable answer. Karen’s workers were arbitrarily assigned in various parts of the hospital, which made it hard for Karen to monitor her staff. Karen’s view of Michelle is her certainty that the nurses ought to have awareness in every aspect of medicine, whereas Karen think this is idealistic considering they go in various assorted areas. Jackie began to see work as a stressful environment; she did not get to make friends with any coworkers because they were constantly moving around to different departments. She gave out medication to patients who did not recognize her. When Jackie had a question she would ask the physician, and they would not answer her so she would ask Karen for help. Work for Jackie was becoming unbearable, but her husband did not care he was happy to see the paychecks coming in and wanted her to keep working overtime because it was helping his and her savings big time. Jackie felt trapped because she wanted to lessen her hours at work, but her husband wanted her to do more hours so in result  Jackie began to taking drugs, she knew this could affect her job, but she needed to do this to decrease her stress. Jackie’s changes were not noticed for a while until she was told to work in the surgical area for a few weeks to assist an employee who was leaving for vacation. A pharmacist noticed a difference in giving out medication for example, a rare rise in narcotics and errors of signatures on the medication paperwork. The pharmacist took the problem to Michelle and Michelle did some investigating. Jackie was found guilty and Michelle went to Jackie’s boss who is Karen. Karen and Michelle talked to Jackie, Jackie admitted her wrongdoing, Karen resolute was for Jackie to go to a rehabilitation center and recover from this and when she does she could come back and work for the company. Karen also chose to not tell the state board of Registered Professional Nurses. After these events occurred Michelle chose to have a meeting with the nurse manager of surgical unit, human resources director, and the chair of the nursing ethics committee to decide rather she needs to be more should have happened in a situation like this. Jackie does have the right to confidentiality, but Michelle thought this could be a good staff conversation. Karen believed total opposite; she believed this would break Jackie’s confidentiality. The problem at the meeting was confidentiality and the nurses having incompatible opinions of confidentiality and the impression on others. Michelle believed that the way Jackie had act failed her position because patients were not treated correctly and other staff actions had been effect by Jackie’s duties so Michelle believed that meeting need to be held. Michelle believed the patient’s pain was impaired, and Jackie’s unwillingness harmed the patients. This was essential to her to demonstrate that the company was devoted to suitable action in giving a precautious workplace of knowledgeable workers/patients. Examinations of moral questions have an organized procedure to decide and choose the best result a problem occurs when there are moral questions with various results. When a problem does not occur there are no moral problems. A great moral result is reliant on good problem recognition and detail meetings. There are many ethical reasons to maintain confidentiality, and some are; protect private data that will consist of respecting others, maintaining sureness, which raises open discussion. We all have the power and guidance to have accountability to exercise in a steadily moral way. References 1. Badzek, L., Mitchell, K., Marra, S., Bower, M., and (Dec.31 1998): Administrative Ethics and Confidentiality/Privacy issues Online Journal of Issues in Nursing. Vol 3, No.3 Retrieved September 29, 2012 www.nursingworld.org 2. Confidentiality in Health Care Health Care Professionals Must Learn the Rules of Confidentiality Sept. 29, 2012 Kathy Quan 3. HIPPA- Overview www.ufl.edu Copyright  © 2005 |University of Florida Retrieved September 29, 2012 Administrative Ethics Paper Essay In to world of healthcare, one thing has become very clear when talking about what is ethical and unethical, and that is if it is unethical it is almost always illegal. When discussing the topic of ethics you cannot leave out behavior. In most cases an individual’s behavioral patterns usually determines their level of ethical thought process. In the text is says this about behavior, â€Å"People’s behavior must match their set of values. It is not enough to believe that patient confidentiality is important if one then freely discusses a patient’s personal information with a coworker or a friend†(Fremgen, 2009). Patient Privacy is the issue at hand and one of the most important laws that we have governing healthcare profession today. According to the American Medical News Journal, patient health information was not being protected or secured to the highest level of standards in the eyes of the AMA (American Medical Association). In order to help improve tha t the AMA approved new policies that will provide a better blanket of security for the medical records of the individuals participating in any medical research (Aston, 1999). See more: Experiment on polytropic process Essay Supporting Facts The AMA wants to ensure that any entity in the United States that conducts research on human subjects are gaining proper consent for the research study, and that the consents are not being misused by others. These signed consents are permission slips for researchers to use medical information only for research purposes. The new policies focus on the confidentiality of the patient’s information that is obtained for the sake of medical research, and should not be shared for any other reason then what was originally intended. These policies also focus on accountability of many organizations and schools who conduct research to be ethical in their dealings with human  subjects. Good ethics means good intent and integrity. In terms of research any typing of alterations or fraudulent acts does in display good intent. This was the case with the NIH (National Institute of Health) and NCI (National Cancer Institute) who was accused by the author of the article of not living up to thei r mission statement. The mission statement of the NIH says† Science in pursuit of fundamental knowledge about the nature and behavior of living systems and the application of that knowledge to extend health life and reduce the burdens of illness and disability†(Lanfranchi, 2008). It also included a goal which states â€Å"to exemplify and promote the highest level of scientific integrity, public accountability, and social responsibility in the conduct of science† (Lanfranchi, 2008). These goals and mission statements from the outside look great however, it was later discover that fraudulent acts were done because of the pressure the NIH was placing on the researchers. This is a good example of unethical acts in research it start out with good intentions but ended in unethical acts will eventually turn into a legal issue. Ethical and Legal Issues In the article, the issues that were discussed were mainly ethical issues that could potentially turn into major legal issues. One of the issues mentioned was the fact that the IRB’s should have been more concerned with patient health information staying confidential. Though this is important, their main concern was the safety and wellbeing of research participants. The AMA developed recommendations that addressed both the informed consent issue and the confidentiality issue. Another issue was that the U.S. would only be allow a short time frame of 18mths to make stricter privacy laws and after that point federal laws would take over. Aside from the AMA’s recommendations AIVIA is a supporter of the idea that the United States should have the ability to pass stricter privacy laws (Aston,1999). According to research, the AIVIA ( All Indians Village Industries Association) is a board of 18 advisors that consist of distinguished scientist and leaders in public life founded by Mahatma Gandhi in 1934(www.mgiri.org). Managerial Responsibilities The article did not discuss any managerial responsibilities in terms of the  issues the AMA were trying to fix. In this case however, the AMA held their ground on the issues and stated that fairness should be across the board. They strongly urged that any time changes are being made to the research study that a new consent must be signed by the participants (Aston, 1999). Solutions The AMA task force is concerned with the improvement of the confidentiality and to joined forces with the IRB’s to create accountability for private research (Aston, 1999). The AMA came up with eight solutions/recommendations for the issues with informed consent and confidentiality and they are as follows: The first solution is to advocate where possible, informed consent should be obtained before personally identifiable health information is used for any purpose. If informed consent is not possible then the information must be stripped for the data and the entity accountable must determine that patient consent is not needed. The second solution states that the AMA urges the government to consider adding to the Common Rule Standards and require researchers to waive/ modify patient consent for the sue of personally identifiable health information only when other protection is in place. The third solution is to lobby for creation of a system in which research projects that fall outside the IRB process would be subject to review by local confidentiality assurance boards. The fourth solution is to make sure that teaching institutions involved in research receive personnel and resources to protect the individuals involved in the research study. The fifth solution states to continue to push for federal laws that provide a continuous layer of patient privacy protection that allows states to pass stronger measures. The sixth solution suggests to develop models of state confidentiality legislation to promote consistency The seventh solution states to continue to push to prohibit the sale and exchange of anyone’s personal identifiable health information. The eighth and final solution suggests to support voluntary of adherence to all IRB’s to the Common Rule Standards regardless of the institutions source of funding (Aston, 1999). References Aston, G., (1999). American Medical News. Delegates firm up privacy policy. Vol.42 (26). Pp.1-3. Fremgen, B, F., (2009). Medical Law and Ethics third ed. Ch.11 Ethical and Bioethical Issues in Medicine. Lanfranchi, A., (2008). Issues in Law and Medicine. The federal Government and Academic Texts as Barriers to informed Consent. Vol. 24 (1) pp. 61-69. Retrieved from http:// www.mgiri.org/about-institute. Administrative Ethics Paper Essay Administration ethics are becoming a very important subject. Administrative individuals are faced with a variety of ethical issues such as confidentiality. This paper will discuss confidentiality and patient privacy and its impact on the population that it affects most, arguments or facts that support a proposed solution, the ethical and legal issues in reference to confidentiality. It will also address the managerial responsibilities related to administrative ethical issues as well as any proposed solutions. The administration in any organization has responsibilities to self, to the organization, the clientele served and the employees who provide the services at the organization, so it is important to be aware of ethical issues because they are embedded in the everyday activities (The American Nurses Association, Inc, 2013). Confidentiality Confidential information includes facts that are secret, private or intimate that should not be shared unless it is approved. When dealing confidentiality in this day in time, information systems are becoming high tech and more effective within the health care field as well as an increased involvement of third parties who share the decision process have created some problems in reference to patient confidentiality and the ability to release private information to the appropriate individuals. Confidentiality has a major impact on the administration due to the fact that jobs are at stake when a patient’s privacy has been violated. The population that is affected the most by this is everyone within the administration, meaning the physician as well as the employees. The physician may not disclose any medical information revealed by a patient or discovered by a physician in connection with the treatment of the patient (American Medical Association, 1995-2013). This is important because when patients feel they can trust their physician, he or she can have a better chance being diagnosed appropriately and treated effectively. Without trust, the physician will receive partial information and it will make it difficult to treat patient. Arguments/Facts In reference to confidentiality, something has to be done to incorporate a more efficient way of distributing patient information. Some arguments include requiring ethical awareness, knowledge and decision-making skills as well as having several discussions about different ways to improve, retrospective analysis and ethical education (American Nurses Association, Inc 2013). By doing this the administration will have a more profound idea of what it takes to make sure that they can come up with innovative ways to answer difficult questions in regards to confidentiality. A big question that is often asked when dealing with confidentiality is under what circumstances is confidential information to be released. The fact still remains that any patient information that is released has to be approved or consented by the patient. Policies and regulations should be in place so that the employees comprehend what is appropriate and what is not. Ethical and Legal Issues The administration of any organization is possibly faced with many ethical and legal issues. For example, an employee works for a facility and he is in the office alone and a business calls in for some information regarding communicable diseases. The employee has not received any direct orders or any information from his manager to release information as such to anyone, but the company insists that the information will not be shared. The employee has to make an ethical and legal decision because he realizes that he is releasing patient information without consent and he could possibly lose his job if the information is released. The ethical and legal issues reported for confidentiality include whether or not administration should legitimately violate the confidentiality of an individual, for example, if it is to protect a vulnerable patient, or send confidential information to a third party for a more accurate diagnosis. Some legal issues reported include whether or not to release information to a third party in reference to a communicable disease to attempt to improve or cure diseases (NCBI, 1994). There are many rules and regulations that each state requires and they have to be followed. Managerial Responsibilities Managers have an important duty in understanding and realizing how ethical issues affect’s his or her staff. Managers need to be aware of the many different issues that arise as well as the best possible solutions to solve them. For example, if an employee works for a facility that begins to be more concerned with costs instead of quality and he or she has strong beliefs that it is very important to give the best service possible, this would be difficult for the employee, especially if the mission includes quality is of importance. This could call for high turnover, unacceptable working conditions and unlicensed personnel. With these types of issues, managers need to be there for their staff, so that they can direct them in the proper direction in reference to how to handle certain situations. Managers could take classes as well as employees so that everyone was aware of ethical issues and had a decision making process as how to approach them as they occurred. In this case, the employee should have discussed her feelings about the change to her manager and allowed him or her to make a decision on how to improve or change the decision to focus on cost in lieu of quality. Proposed Solutions Improving confidentiality is definitely an ongoing process due to many different challenges such as there are many different ways to make the process better. Gathering information and facts in reference to confidentiality, promoting training classes as well as keeping up with the rules and regulations in the appropriate states are all ways to help improve the issues with patient confidentiality. Another proposed solution is understanding conflict and reasons to maintain confidentiality. Issues are bound to arise in reference to confidential information and how it was handled; therefore the managers as well as the staff need to have extensive training in regards to confidentiality and how important it is to maintain it. . Conclusion In the conclusion, administration issues in regards to ethics are becoming a very important subject. Working to understand confidentiality and its impact on the population that it affects most, arguments or facts that support a proposed solution, the ethical and legal issues in reference to confidentiality as well as addressing the managerial responsibilities related to administrative ethical issues and any proposed solutions is a very productive and effective way to begin maintain confidentiality. Administrative Ethics Paper Essay Biomedical ethical issues are seen frequently in the news and are in constant scrutiny. The demand for social responsibility is high and available resources are limited. Health care leaders are faced with numerous administrative issues regarding patient privacy, research, confidentiality, and terminal illness. Much debate has surrounded medical spending on the terminally ill, such as the cost and allocation of resources toward end-of-life care. Choosing between prolonged life and quality of life are two difficult decisions to make. Nonetheless, it is difficult to base one’s opinion until cancer has taken over one’s life. A close look at administrative issues surrounding end-of-life care will demonstrate the impact on a population, ethical, and legal implications, potential solutions to the problem, and managerial responsibilities. The Northern Mariana Islands (NMI) is a part of the United States territory because it’s establishment of commonwealth in political union and is home to approximately 44,000 people (Central Intelligence Agency, 2012). Because of the increase in chronic diseases and lack of available resources, several residents are referred to go off the island to seek health care in Guam and Hawaii (Doty, 2012). However, the medical referral program has a crucial problem with financing because of the large amount already owed (Doty, 2012). Although a budget of $2. 5 million is allotted for health care expenses for the medical referral program, it only covers half of the costs incurred in 2011 (Doty, 2012). Therefore, officials viewed rationing of medical services necessary to keep costs at bay. Among the rationing of medical services is the allocation of resources to terminally ill patients. According to Doty (2012), a medical provider states, â€Å"As a community, we must address the reality of spending precious resources on end-stage patients who will die within a short amount of time with or without medical treatment. † The method of triage rationing raises ethical concerns because patients are treated as if they were soldiers out on a battlefield where only those with a higher chance of survival are saved. Although unspoken, the practice of rationing services is common in the NMI. The population is negatively impacted by the health care crisis and the lack of hospice care. Family members of ailing patients are seen holding signs requesting for donations so their loved one may receive off-island treatment (Doty, 2012, para. 33). Cost and allocation of resources are clearly administrative issues that need ethical evaluation. A senior administrator of the NMI seems lost at finding a solution and reminisces of the time when people accepted their fate and lived on the principle, â€Å"we live and die on our islands† (Doty, 2012). The ethical and legal implications of rationing health services have many facets. Generosity and independence are among the ethical principles associated with allocating health resources; however, that is not the case when resources are scarce and funding is limited. As demonstrated in the NMI, mainly the poor and middle class are subjected to health care rationing. Aside from the poor, people most affected by health care rationing are the elderly and disabled persons (Peters, 1995). It is unethical of those with tremendous discretionary power to favor the prestigious over the poor or disabled. However, rationing based on the ability to pay already exists and is completely legal, such as rationing care of Medicaid patients or rationing by insurance companies (Fremgen, 2009). Although some people may believe rationing health care is unethical, it is economically inevitable as the demand for scarce health care resources increase. Therefore, it requires ethical consideration when allocating health resources. According to the article, the proposed solution is a policy on medical care rationing (Doty, 2012). However, some politicians claim the unnamed policy is already put into practice. Furthermore, the administration proposes a tighter budget for the 2012 fiscal year but does not elaborate on how it will be accomplished (Doty, 2012). The manager of the medical referral services suggested to administration that the program be suspended and only used for emergency cases (Doty, 2012). However, no action has been taken to suspend the program. Another suggested solution is to place high emphasis on prevention and primary care to avoid excessive referrals during critical stages. Furthermore, hospice care is not available to everyone on the NMI, which if made an option, may minimize the health crisis by decreasing the demand of health care resources. Nonetheless, evaluating the effectiveness of treatment and cost is essential in allocating resources. Managers are responsible for implementing cost/benefit analysis to best use the institution’s resources. Peters (1995) states, â€Å"Cost-effectiveness calculations have the appeal of incorporating outcomes research, patient preferences, and expected costs into a rational and potentially sophisticated scheme for maximizing health care outcomes from the available resources. † However, cost/benefit analysis alone should not be the primary basis for allocating resources. Managers must also ensure health resources are distributed equitably. Nevertheless, a solid solution has not yet to develop as the situation worsens in the NMI. A leader’s responsibility and accountability for appropriately rationing healthcare is tremendous. Because resources are limited, leaders must diligently follow eligibility criteria that satisfy legal and social standards. However, the approach is not easy and frequent subject of debate. Some consider health resource allocation is necessary but others find it morally repugnant. Therefore, the manager’s responsibility toward allocation decisions requires evaluation of distributive justice principles for ethical dilemmas. For example, need, equity, contribution, ability to pay, patient effort, and merit are principles useful in determining resources allocation (Armstrong, 1998). Each patient situation has unique circumstances that require healthcare leaders to view subjectively. Nonetheless, leader’s responsibility is to set clear guidelines for allocating resources so health care providers can remain advocates for their patients. Allocation of medical services in poverty stricken NMI indeed has ethical and legal implications with no easy solution. The population is in dire need of distributive justice. Administrators are at a loss with the health care crisis of financial burden and limited resources. Nonetheless, health care leaders must fulfill their obligations to their organization and community by using ethical principles to guide them in making difficult decisions. Nevertheless, perhaps proposed solutions turned into policy may minimize the need for off-island medical referrals. Administrative issues surrounding end-of-life care demonstrated the impact on a population, ethical, and legal implications, potential solutions to the problem, and managerial responsibilities. Administration indeed has tremendous social responsibility.